Menźs Losses in Collegiate Athletics

August 8, 1999

Have a Title IX related comment or question? Contact Dale Anderson, JD, at TitleIX@themat.com

The National Collegiate Athletic Association conducted its first Gender Equity study in 1992. The five-year follow up study published in 1997 showed a disturbing downward trend for male athletes. During that time period, more than 200 male teams and over 20,000 male athletes had disappeared. Over those same five years, the number of female athletes increased by only 5,800Énearly four males dropped for each new female.

The NCAA schools are divided into three divisions. Schools at the Division I level offer the most competitive atmosphere, the most extensive recruiting and the most athletic scholarships. Ninety-five percent of the gains for female athletes were seen at the Division I level. At the Division III level where there are no athletic scholarships and student athletes play purely for the love of the game, the effect has been disastrous. The five-year span of this study shows that in Division III, only 178 female athletic opportunities were added and male opportunities were reduced by over 9,000. That represents 20 males dumped for every female gained in Division III alone.

In June 1999, the General Accounting Office of the federal government completed an analysis of Intercollegiate athletic participation, evaluating a stable universe of 725 NCAA member schools that were in the same division in academic years 1985-86 and 1996-97. This report revealed a twelve percent drop in the number of male participants and a ten percent drop in the maximum number of scholarships allowed for males in Division I. In Division II, male scholarships dropped nine percent.

During that same time period, womenźs participation rates increased sixteen percent and the number of womenźs teams increased seventeen percent. This sounds like a pretty fair trade-off until one examines the change in scholarship awards. At Division I, women saw a sixty-six percent increase, and in Division II, a seventy-three percent increase in scholarship awards. This indicates that the numbers of women seeking new opportunities was not nearly as overwhelming as the need for increased resources. Yet, Title IX pushers insist that there are thousands of girls just waiting for an opportunity to play. The GAO data does not support that claim.

When athletic departments sit down each year to face their growing deficits and shrinking revenues, gender equity is not a principle, it is a budget item. The Office for Civil Rights and the NCAA have forced schools into the unsavory position of needing to meet an illegal gender quota to be "safe." Athletic directors often take the easiest way out of their gender equity problems by cutting the number of male participants and male dollars. The gender-quota formula fails to allow for consideration of actual athletic interests for either sex. Todayźs Title IX application discriminates against men, and that is a violation of the statutory language and the Fourteenth Amendment.

	School	Division	Year Dropped
BASEBALL
1	Tennessee State University	I	1993
2	South Carolina State University	I	1993
3	SUNY Maritime College	III	1993
4	Colorado College	III	1994
5	Johnson State College	III	1994
6	Morehouse College	II	1994
7	Boston University	I	1995
8	Hobart-William Smith College	III	1995
9	Stephen F. Austin State University	I	1995
10	University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire	III	1995
11	Colgate	I	1996
12	University of Wyoming	I	1996
13	University of Denver	II	1997
14	University of New Hampshire	I	1997
15	Providence College	I	1998
16	Portland State University	I	1998
FENCING
1	Cornell University	I	1993
2	University of Illinois	I	1993
3	Drew University	III	1994
4	Northwestern University	I	1994
5	Bernard M. Baruch College	III	1995
6	College of William and Mary	I	1995
7	Long Beach State University	I	1995
8	University of Chicago	III	1996
9	Michigan State	I	1997
FOOTBALL
1	California State University, Fullerton	I-A	1993
2	Cameron University	II	1993
3	Santa Clara University	II	1993
4	Ramapo College of New Jersey	III	1993
5	California State University, Hayward	II	1994
6	Gallaudet University	III	1995
7	San Francisco State University	II	1995
8	University of the Pacific	I-A	1996
9	California State University, Chico	II	1997
10	Sonoma State University	II	1997
11	Northern California Athletic Conference	II	1997
12	Boston University	I	1997
GOLF
1	Emporia State University	II	1993
2	Indiana Univ. / Purdue Univ.	II	1993
3	Lake Superior State University	II	1993
4	Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania	II	1993
5	Southern Connecticut State University	II	1993
6	Benedictine University	III	1993
7	Clark University	III	1993
8	Earlham College	III	1993
9	Hamline University	III	1993
10	Union College	III	1993
11	University of Wisconsin, River Falls	III	1993
12	Bethune-Cookman College	I	1994
13	Emerson College	III	1994
14	McMurray College	III	1994
15	Morehead State University	II	1994
16	Queens College	II	1994
17	St. Josephźs College Maine	III	1994
18	College of St. Scholastica	III	1994
19	Benedictine University	III	1995
20	Colorado College	III	1995
21	Ithaca College	III	1995
22	Johns Hopkins University	III	1995
23	Juniata College	III	1995
24	University of North Carolina, Ashville	I	1995
25	Midwestern State University	II	1995
26	Principia College	III	1995
27	Ramapo College of New Jersey	III	1995
28	Saint Josephźs College	II	1995
29	Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville	II	1995
30	Tarleton State University	II	1995
31	Wesleyan University	III	1995
32	State University of West Georgia	II	1995
33	University of Wisconsin, Stevens Pint	III	1995
34	Franklin and Marshall	III	1996
35	University of Maine, Farmington	III	1996
36	Mississippi College	II	1996
37	University of Pennsylvania	I	1996
38	Rivier College	III	1996
39	St. Maryźs College	I	1996
40	Ursinus College	III	1996
41	Wesley College	III	1996
42	York College of Pennsylvania	III	1996
43	Merrimack College	II	1997
44	Molloy College	II	1997
45	University of New Hampshire	I	1997
46	SUNY New Paltz	III	1997
47	St. Olaf College	III	1997
48	University of Central Arkansas	II	1997
49	Erskine College	II	1997
50	Southeastern Oklahoma State University	II	1997
51	Great Northeast Athletic Conference	III	1997
52	Providence College	I	1998
53	University of Massachusetts, Lowell	II	1999
GYMNASTICS
1	Cornell University	I	1993
2	Arizona State University	I	1993
3	Pacific 10 Conference	I	1993
4	State University College of Cortland	III	1993
5	University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh	III	1993
6	University of California, Los Angeles	I	1994
7	Dartmouth College	I	1994
8	Iowa State University	I	1994
9	Kent State University	I	1994
10	University of Pittsburgh	I	1995
11	Radford University	I	1996
12	Western Michigan	I	1996
13	San Jose State University	I	1997
14	Brigham Young University	I	1999
15	University of New Mexico	I	1999
ICE HOCKEY
1	St. Bonaventure	I	1993
2	Emerson College	III	1994
3	Kent State University	I	1994
4	University of Illinois, Chicago	I	1996
LACROSSE
1	St. Bonaventure	I	1993
2	Stanford University	I	1993
3	Lake Forest College	III	1994
4	University of New Haven	II	1994
5	Manhattanville College	III	1995
6	Polytechnic University	III	1995
7	St. Johnźs University	I	1995
8	Colorado School of Mines	II	1996
9	Michigan State University	I	1997
10	University of New Hampshire	I	1997
11	Boston College	I	Announced 1998
RIFLE
1	Jacksonville University	I	1993
2	University of Memphis	I	1993
3	West Texas A&M University	II	1993
4	Citadel	I	1994
5	University of Missouri, Rolla	II	1994
6	Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology	III	1995
7	Carnegie Mellon University	III	1996
8	Eastern New Mexico	II	1996
9	University of Nevada	I	1996
10	St. Louis University	I	1997
11	University of Cincinnati	I	1998
SOCCER
1	Ashland University	II	1993
2	Queens College	II	1993
3	University of North Texas	I	1994
4	Bernard M. Baruch College	III	1995
5	Central Michigan University	I	1995
6	Illinois State University	I	1995
7	Portland State University	II	1995
8	University of Arkansas, Little Rock	I	1996
9	University of Maryland, Eastern Shore	I	1997
10	Central Washington University	II	1997
11	Miami University of Ohio	I	1999
SKIING
1	Western New England College	III	1993
2	Keens State College	II	1994
3	Austin College	III	1995
SWIMMING
1	University of Illinois	I	1993
2	University of California, Los Angeles	I	1994
3	California State University, Fresno	I	1994
4	Indiana University of Pennsylvania	II	1994
5	Morehead State University	I	1994
6	Morehouse College	II	1994
7	University of Dallas	III	1995
8	Hobart-William & Smith College	III	1995
9	Juniata College	III	1995
10	Loyola University	I	1995
11	University of Massachusetts, Lowell	II	1995
12	Adrian College	III	1995
13	University of Massachusetts, Boston	III	1995
14	Rutgers University, Camden	III	1995
15	University of Arkansas, Fayetteville	I	1996
16	University of Arkansas, Little Rock	I	1996
17	Cornell College (Iowa)	III	1996
18	Canisious College	I	1997
19	New Mexico State University	I	1998
20	University of Richmond	I	1998
21	University of New Mexico	I	1999
22	Northern Arizona University (swimming)	I	1999
23	Northern Arizona University (diving)	I	1999
TENNIS
1	Southeast Missouri State University	I	1993
2	Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania	II	1993
3	Oakland University	II	1993
4	Southern Connecticut State University	II	1993
5	Ashland University	II	1993
6	University of Bridgeport	II	1993
7	University of Massachusetts, Boston	III	1993
8	North Adams State College	III	1993
9	Iowa State University	I	1994
10	Lincoln University	III	1994
11	Regis University	II	1994
12	St. Francis College	I	1994
13	Arkansas Technical University	II	1995
14	University of Central Arkansas	II	1995
15	State University College of Buffalo	III	1995
16	University of Detroit, Mercy	I	1995
17	High Point University	II	1995
18	Moorehead State University	II	1995
19	Juniata College	III	1995
20	Marymount University	III	1995
21	Olivet College	III	1995
22	University of Pittsburgh	I	1995
23	Rowan College of New Jersey	III	1995
24	Tarleton State University	II	1995
25	Thiel College	III	1995
26	Virginia University College	II	1995
27	University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee	I	1995
28	University of Wisconsin, River Falls	III	1995
29	Colorado State University	I	1996
30	University of North Texas	I	1996
31	University of West Alabama	II	1997
32	Rutgers University, Camden	III	1997
33	San Jose State University	I	1997
34	University of Tampa	II	1997
35	College of St. Rose	II	1997
36	University of Cincinnati	I	1998
37	Southwest Texas State University	I	1998
38	Providence College	I	1998
39	Miami University of Ohio	I	1999
TRACK É OUTDOOR
1	Cleveland State University	I	1993
2	Old Dominion University	I	1993
3	St. Francis College	I	1993
4	University of Central Arkansas	II	1993
5	Lake Superior State University	II	1993
6	University of Southern Colorado	II	1993
7	Clark University	III	1993
8	York College of Pennsylvania	III	1993
9	University of Central Florida	I	1994
10	Elon College	II	1994
11	Menlo College	III	1994
12	University of Nevada	I	1994
13	Olivet College	III	1994
14	Emory and Henry College	III	1995
15	Ouachita Baptists University	II	1995
16	Presbyterian College	II	1995
17	University of Wisconsin, River Falls	III	1995
18	Drexel University	I	1995
19	Midwestern State University	II	1995
20	Southwestern University	III	1995
21	St. Andrews Presbyterian College	II	1995
22	Mississippi College	II	1996
23	Southwestern Oklahoma	II	1996
24	Southeast Oklahoma State University	II	1997
25	East Central University	II	1997
26	Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference	I	1997
27	New Mexico State University	I	1998
TRACK É INDOOR
1	Old Dominion University	I	1993
2	San Diego State University	I	1993
3	Tennessee Technological University	I	1993
4	Lake Superior State University	II	1993
5	University of Southern Colorado	II	1993
6	Gallaudet University	III	1993
7	University of Arizona	I	1994
8	Benedictine University	III	1994
9	Clarion University	II	1994
10	Franklin College	III	1994
11	Johnson C. Smith University	II	1994
12	Martin Luther College	III	1994
13	Morehead State University	II	1994
14	University of Nevada	I	1994
15	University of Oregon	I	1994
16	St. Andrews Presbyterian College	II	1994
17	St. Francis College	I	1994
18	Texas A&M University, Kingsville	II	1994
19	Troy State University	I	1994
20	High Point University	II	1995
21	University of North Carolina	II	1995
22	University of Wisconsin, River Falls	III	1995
23	California University of Pennsylvania	II	1995
24	Carson-Newman College	II	1995
25	University of Dallas	III	1995
26	Drexel University	I	1995
27	Muhlenberg College	III	1995
28	University of Northern Colorado	II	1995
29	Siena College	I	1995
30	University of Southern Maine	III	1995
31	Southern Methodist University	I	1995
32	Wake Forest University	I	1995
33	Eureka College	III	1995
34	Columbia Union College	II	1996
35	Mississippi College	II	1996
36	University of Hartford	I	1997
37	University of Florida	I	1997
38	University of Cincinnati	I	1998
39	University of Louisville	I	1998
TRACK É CROSS COUNTRY
1	Cleveland State University	I	1993
2	Old Dominion University	I	1993
3	University of Southern Colorado	II	1993
4	Wayne State University	II	1993
5	West Liberty State College	II	1993
6	Fitchburg State College	II	1993
7	York College of Pennsylvania	III	1993
8	Barry University	II	1994
9	Menlo College	III	1994
10	University of Nevada	I	1994
11	Randolph-Macon College	III	1994
12	University of Southern California	I	1994
13	San Diego State University	I	1994
14	Saint Leo College	II	1994
15	Beckerd College	II	1995
16	Juniata College	III	1995
17	Lincoln University	II	1995
18	University of South Carolina	I	1995
19	Bluffton College	III	1996
20	Concordia College	II	1996
21	Keuka College	III	1996
22	Mississippi State University	I	1996
23	Northern Michigan University	II	1996
24	Marian College	III	1997
25	Westminster College	III	1997
VOLLEYBALL
1	Lehman College	III	1993
2	University of Bridgeport	II	1994
3	Dartmouth College	I	1994
4	Menlo College	III	1994
5	Montana State University	II	1996
6	University of Wisconsin, Madison	I	1997
7	Thomas Moore College	III	1997
WATER POLO
1	Hamden-Sydney College	III	1993
2	University of Arkansas	I	1994
3	University of California, Riverside	II	1994
4	University of Dayton	I	1994
5	University of Richmond	I	1998
6	Boston College (phasing out team)	I	Announced 1998
WRESTLING
1	Drake University	I	1993
2	Grand Valley State	II	1993
3	Alleghany College	III	1993
4	American University, Puerto Rico	III	1993
5	Elmhurst College	III	1993
6	University of Massachusetts, Boston	III	1993
7	Rutgers University, Newark	III	1993
8	Wentworth Institute of Technology	III	1993
9	Carthage College	III	1994
10	John Jay College	III	1994
11	Lake Superior State University	II	1994
12	Liberty University	I	1994
13	Ripon College	III	1994
14	Southwest Missouri State University	I	1994
15	University of Toledo	I	1994
16	Clemson University	I	1995
17	University of Dayton	I	1995
18	Fort Lewis College	II	1995
19	Illinois State University	I	1995
20	Valparaiso University	I	1995
21	St. Lawrence University	III	1995
22	Moravian College	III	1995
23	Manhatten College	I	1995
24	Juniata College	III	1995
25	College of William and Mary	I	1995
26	California University of Pennsylvania	I	1996
27	Central Connecticut State University	I	1996
28	Concordia University	III	1996
29	Kean College	III	1996
30	University of Minnesota, Duluth	II	1996
31	Morgan State University	I	1996
32	Susquehanna University	III	1996
33	Rutgers University, Camden	III	1997
34	University of Wisconsin, Stout	III	1997
35	Martin Luther College	III	1997
36	University of North Dakota	II	1998
37	Georgia State University	I	1998
38	Boston College (phasing out team)	I	Announced 1998
39	Miami University of Ohio	I	1999
40	Brigham Young University	I	1999
41	University of New Mexico	I	1999
42	Mansfield University	II	1999
43	University of Massachusetts, Lowell	II	1999

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